Journal of Strategic Policy and Global Affairs
The Journal of Strategy Policy in Global Affairs (JSPGA) is a double-blind, peer-reviewed publication that offers a platform for scholarly articles, review essays, and contemporary thought pieces. While the primary articles provide traditional scholarly insight, our review essays critically engage with newly published books to thematically assess current events in strategic policies and international relations. JSPGA is dedicated to expanding the horizons of academic discourse, eagerly hosting theoretical works that introduce fresh perspectives, frameworks, models, or interconnections in the realm of global strategic management. We warmly invite contributions that bridge the world of strategy.
RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Rural-urban migration has become a defining demographic trend in many developing and developed countries, profoundly impacting resource allocation and urban development. This paper examines the drivers of rural-urban migration, the challenges it poses to efficient distribution of resources, and the socio-economic consequences for both rural and urban areas. It explores how migration influences access to housing, employment, education, healthcare, and infrastructure in urban centers while simultaneously affecting rural economies and resource availability. The study employs case studies from Africa, Asia, and Latin America to illustrate these dynamics and evaluates policy frameworks aimed at managing migration flows and equitable resource distribution. Recommendations focus on integrated planning, investment in rural development, and sustainable urban management to balance migration pressures and resource demands.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Strategic Policy and Global Affairs
Recent Advances in Plant-Based Antioxidants: Phytochemical Pathways and Therapeutic Potential
Plant-based antioxidants have garnered significant attention due to their ability to neutralize free radicals and mitigate oxidative stress, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. This paper reviews recent advances in understanding the phytochemical pathways involved in the biosynthesis of plant antioxidants and explores their therapeutic potential. Focusing on flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and other secondary metabolites, the study discusses their mechanisms of action, bioavailability, and efficacy in clinical and preclinical settings. Data from global and Pakistani research initiatives are analyzed to highlight novel antioxidant compounds and their applications in pharmacology and nutraceuticals. The paper also addresses challenges related to extraction, standardization, and delivery of plant antioxidants, offering insights into future research directions aimed at harnessing their full therapeutic potential.
Innovation Management in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) form the backbone of economies, particularly in developing regions like Pakistan, where innovation plays a crucial role in their survival and growth. This article explores the management of innovation in SMEs, focusing on the strategies employed to foster creativity, develop new business models, and enhance firm performance. With the global shift towards digital entrepreneurship, the dynamics of innovation management have transformed significantly. This research examines the challenges faced by SMEs in Pakistan, explores the role of digital tools, and investigates the effects of external partnerships, incubators, and accelerators in driving innovation. Through a comprehensive analysis, this study aims to shed light on the critical factors that enable SMEs to remain competitive in an increasingly dynamic market environment.
Conflict in workplace teams is inevitable, but its management plays a key role in determining organizational effectiveness and employee well-being. This paper explores various conflict management strategies used in workplace teams and their impact on team performance, communication, and morale. It examines different types of conflict, the role of leadership in managing conflict, and the importance of creating a collaborative environment to resolve disputes effectively. The study also provides practical recommendations for organizations to manage conflict proactively and create a culture of positive collaboration.
Smart Water Management Systems Using IoT Technologies
Water scarcity is a critical global challenge exacerbated by population growth, climate change, and inefficient water management practices. Smart Water Management Systems (SWMS) empowered by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies offer an innovative solution to optimize water usage, reduce wastage, and improve distribution efficiency. This article reviews current advancements in IoT-enabled smart water management, focusing on sensor integration, real-time data analytics, automated control, and predictive maintenance. The paper also highlights challenges and opportunities specific to Pakistan's water infrastructure. Two graphical analyses illustrate system architecture and water usage efficiency improvements. The study concludes with recommendations for future research and practical implementations tailored to regional needs.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Strategic Policy and Global Affairs
Advanced Materials for Thermal Barrier Coatings in Turbines
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are critical components in enhancing the efficiency and lifespan of turbine engines by protecting metal substrates from extreme temperatures. Recent advancements in materials science have introduced novel ceramic and composite materials for TBCs that offer superior thermal insulation, oxidation resistance, and mechanical robustness. This article reviews the state-of-the-art advanced materials for thermal barrier coatings used in turbines, focusing on their composition, microstructural properties, and performance under harsh operational environments. The study integrates recent research insights with a particular emphasis on emerging nanostructured and multilayered coatings. Additionally, it highlights challenges and future directions in TBC material development aimed at improving turbine efficiency and reducing maintenance costs.
Housing Inequality in Metropolitan Areas: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses
Housing inequality in metropolitan areas presents significant social and economic challenges, manifesting in unequal access to quality, affordable, and adequate housing. This paper examines the spatial and socio-economic dimensions of housing inequality within urban regions, exploring how factors such as income disparity, racial segregation, zoning policies, and gentrification contribute to uneven housing outcomes. Through analysis of case studies from North America, Europe, and Latin America, it highlights patterns of residential segregation and the impacts on health, education, and economic opportunity. The study also evaluates policy interventions aimed at mitigating housing inequality, including affordable housing programs, inclusionary zoning, and community land trusts. Findings underscore the need for integrated urban planning and equitable policy frameworks to promote housing justice in growing metropolitan regions.
WATER SCARCITY AND REGIONAL CONFLICT: EXPLORING THE NEXUS OF RESOURCE STRESS AND SECURITY
Water scarcity is increasingly recognized as a critical factor contributing to regional conflicts worldwide. As population growth, climate change, and unsustainable water management intensify competition over limited freshwater resources, tensions escalate among communities and states. This paper examines the complex relationship between water scarcity and regional conflict, analyzing case studies from the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia. It explores how environmental stressors intersect with political, economic, and social factors to fuel disputes. The study highlights mechanisms of cooperation and conflict prevention, including transboundary water management, international law, and adaptive governance. Ultimately, it argues for integrated water security policies to mitigate conflict risks and promote sustainable peace .
Genomics And Public Health: Interdisciplinary Implications For Society
Genomics is a rapidly advancing field with immense potential for improving public health outcomes. The integration of genomic data into public health strategies can lead to more precise, individualized interventions, better disease prevention, and more effective treatments. This article examines the interdisciplinary implications of genomics for public health, focusing on its potential to address widespread health challenges in Pakistan and other regions. We explore the intersection of genomics, epidemiology, ethics, and policy, considering the challenges and opportunities presented by this integration. Through case studies and current research, we highlight the importance of collaboration between geneticists, public health professionals, policymakers, and the general public to maximize the benefits of genomics while minimizing potential risks, such as privacy concerns and ethical dilemmas.
Cyber Diplomacy: Forging Pakistan’s Foreign Policy in the Digital World
At the dawn of the 21st century, technology has transformed civilizations all over the world through the phenomenon of globalization. Besides compressing time and space, globalization has upgraded the efficiency of human structures and procedures to function at optimum levels. With the increased number of participants in the digital space, global contestation has commenced in pursuance of accruing maximum benefits. State-driven strategic relations have also been influenced by this phenomenon of the information age and greater dependence on technologically oriented practices has led to exploring new dynamics and dimensions of diplomacy. Besides conventional diplomacy, a need has been felt to engage diplomats around the world through the digital medium for effective conflict management. Cyber diplomacy is therefore defined as the strategic management of international affairs using digital networks to foster engagements among diverse nations for promoting global peace and stability. The amalgamation of technology and diplomacy has offered several opportunities besides challenges. Off late Pakistan has also stepped into this domain and has launched various foreign policy initiatives to remain relevant, however, it seems a distant call to mature its digital diplomatic structures. Pakistan currently faces adverse technological and infrastructural issues that hamper its performance and efficiency in digital conflict resolution. Therefore, to forge Pakistan’s foreign policy in the digital world, a comprehensive strategy is required to streamline and further its objectives and interests at an unprecedented pace matching the globalized digital architecture. With this pretext, the paper will examine the impact of technology in the diplomatic sphere while highlighting Pakistan’s prospects and challenges in the cyber domain. Policy recommendations are also proffered to cement the efforts of Pakistan’s government in implementing the cyber diplomatic regime.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Strategic Policy and Global Affairs
Transforming Legal Practice: The Role of AI in Modern Law
With an emphasis on its diverse applications, ethical issues, and the changing role of legal professionals in a digitally integrated age, the essay examines the revolutionary effects of artificial intelligence (AI) on the practice of law. It explains AI's uses in fields like legal research, contract assessment, documentation automation, and forecasting after first analyzing the technology's historical development from simple automation to sophisticated algorithms. The article discusses ethical issues including algorithmic prejudice and data privacy in addition to highlighting the advantages of adopting AI, such as enhanced efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The article forecasts the development of AI in law, imagining more comprehensive integration and improvements in AI instruments customized for various legal fields. In order to fully realize AI's transformational potential while negotiating its ethical and practical challenges, it promotes a cooperative synergy between legal professionals and AI systems. The following paper applies a qualitative research approach.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Ethical Considerations, Future Trends, Legal Practice, Technology Integration
Clearing the Air: Legal Strategies for Combating Smog and Pollution
Air pollution, particularly smog, stands as a pressing global challenge impacting public health, ecosystems, and the quality of life. Amidst this environmental crisis, legal frameworks play a pivotal role in addressing and mitigating the adverse effects of air pollution. This research article navigates the intricate intersection of law and environmental protection, focusing on the efficacy of legal strategies in combatting smog and pollution. The paper examines the current legal landscape concerning air quality regulations, analyzing legislative frameworks, international agreements, and judicial interventions aimed at curbing pollution levels. Emphasis is placed on the challenges faced in enforcing these laws effectively and the evolving nature of legal responses to combat smog-related issues. Moreover, the article explores innovative legal approaches and policy recommendations designed to tackle the complexities of modern-day air pollution. Case studies and comparative analyses of successful legal interventions provide insights into promising strategies for policymakers, legal practitioners, and environmental advocates. By critically evaluating existing legal mechanisms and proposing adaptive strategies, this research seeks to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the role of law in mitigating smog and pollution. Ultimately, it advocates for a collaborative and proactive approach that harnesses the power of legal frameworks to safeguard air quality and promote a healthier, sustainable future for all.
Air Pollution, Smog, Legal Frameworks, Environmental Law, Public Health
Global Media Landscape and its Implications on Pakistan
The current paper sheds a light on the global media landscape and its influence on world’s media as well as global politics. The paper tells that the capitalists’ states, living at the North Pole were in favor of global communication via global media to promote democracy, freedom of speech, and free market in the states living at the South Pole. As the global media has been consolidated into a few hands because most of the global media and other media-related businesses were controlled by the Western countries living at the North Pole; therefore, their government, media, and other business organizations profited immensely from the concept of free flow of information and freedom of speech and expression. This has served both, political as well as economic purposes. The free flow doctrine, through media vehicles, assisted the Western countries to penetrate the global market to promote their goods, services, products, and their culture as well. The paper made it clear that the West, led by the US, dominates the information and entertainment networks of the world which is causing a serious repercussion for the developing countries like Pakistan. The current study, at the end; presents the implication of the Western media hegemony upon Pakistani media and presents its policy recommendations to cope up this growing challenge.
China's Soft Power Strategies in South Asia on the Path to Superpower Status and the U.S. Countermeasures: A Comprehensive Analysis
China's relentless expansion of influence in South Asia is a focal point of its global strategy as it endeavors to achieve superpower status. This endeavor presents profound implications for regional dynamics and global geopolitics. Simultaneously, the United States is actively formulating and implementing countermeasures to safeguard its interests in the ever-evolving South Asian landscape, making a comprehensive analysis of these developments crucial. This research provides an in-depth exploration of China's soft power strategies in South Asia and the countermeasures employed by the United States to preserve its interests in the region. This study adopts qualitative approach, combining with descriptive approach. Qualitatively, it scrutinizes academic literature, official documents, and statements to discern the conceptual foundations and execution of China's soft power strategies in South Asia. China's soft power strategies in South Asia encompass cultural exchanges, economic partnerships, infrastructure development, and media influence, aiming to enhance its image and promote its political and economic models. In response, the United States is formulating countermeasures, including the "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" strategy and bolstered regional engagement, to mitigate the influence of China in South Asia. The evolving competition between China and the United States in South Asia holds significant implications for regional politics, economic cooperation, and the broader global geopolitical balance. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between China's soft power strategies in South Asia and the United States' countermeasures within the context of China's ascent as a superpower. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, scholars, and international relations experts, providing guidance for shaping foreign policy in South Asia and fostering regional stability. Furthermore, this study underscores the broader implications of this competition on the global stage and the evolving dynamics of 21st-century geopolitics.
Digital Diplomacy as New Face of the Diplomatic World: Pakistan’s Adaptability Challenge
Against the backdrop of globalization and new public diplomacy, digital diplomacy contemplates new avenues of international relations and communications. ICTs provide ever-growing opportunities in this regard. Demonstration of digital diplomacy is overriding the traditional diplomatic practices. Internet and social media are particularly important for realizing the advantages of digital diplomacy. The application of these tools for diplomacy requires technological as well as diplomatic competence. This paper underlines the dynamics of digital diplomacy as new tool for the conduct of foreign policy. Further, the paper explains Pakistan’s politico-diplomatic imperatives of adopting digital diplomacy and the challenges that the country faces in this regard.
Digital diplomacy, globalization, international relations, advantages, challenges
Analysis of the Recognition of Israel by Middle Eastern States and Its Impact on Pakistan
This study analyzes the factors behind the decision of some Arab states to recognize Israel as an independent state. The recognition of Israel by Arab states has had a significant impact on Pakistan’s policy towards America and Israel. Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Israel, and its passport is invalid. The research sheds light on its relations of Israel with other Muslim states. The study investigated the status of Israel on statehood theories. The study finds that Muslim states recognized Israel for their economic and political interests. The recognition of Israel by Arab states was influenced by various factors, including diplomatic, political, and economic considerations, as Israel is known as the only nuclear state in Middle East countries and getting an influential status in the region. The study concludes that Peaceful coexistence and peace treaties between Arabs and Israel must ensure security guarantees for the Palestinians and should pressure Israel to stop the human rights violations against them. The study recommends that Arab states not forget the Israeli planes about its territory borderlines expansion. This research is qualitative and comparative, both in nature.
Israel recognition, Arab States, Impact on Pakistan
The Impact of Regional Organizations on International Relations: EU-AU Comparative Analysis
The study aims to compare and analyze the impact of two regional organizations on international relations: The European Union (EU) and the African Union (AU). Through a comparative analysis, the study explores the similarities and differences between the EU and AU in terms of their role in shaping international relations. The study defines the role of EU and AU in international affairs, and the importance of both the regional organizations in global trade and politics. The study will also identify the existing shortcomings and potential areas of cooperation in EU-AU relations. The study then examines the challenges and opportunities that both organizations face in their efforts to promote cooperation, integration, and stability in their respective regions. Various existing platforms that shape international relations between EU and AU will be further analyzed in the literature. The study will finally analyze the effectiveness of the partnership and future policies that may strengthen the areas of cooperation between EU and AU.
European Union (EU), African Union (AU), EU-AU Relations, Cooperation
Democracy and Economic Development: A Comparative Analysis
Modern-day economics is greatly influenced by the political landscapes, and the modern politics are largely reliant on the economic situation of countries. Both the terms are interlinked and each variable has complemented the other at every historical instance since the industrial revolution. The paper sketches multi-variate analysis on the different aspects of democracy and economy with regards to institutional development and the new political economy. The paper further tries to find the positive and negative implications of democracy on economic development and vice versa. The study will also provide arguments on the successes and failures of economic institutions on the democracy. The antithesis from the realist sociologists and political scientists is provided in each section in the literature review. The paper further analyzes how geography, demography, and history shape democratic and economic institutions, and why democracies never drive economic development in some countries and bear fruitful results in the other countries. The study will then conclude with the analysis on what kind of democratic institutions are favorable for economic development and what kind of political institutions impede economic development
Democracy, Modern Politics, Industrial Revolution, Economic Institutions, Geography
Pakistan’s KSA-Iran Policy: Challenges and Way Forward
Pakistan has traditionally upright relations with both Iran and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia but at the same time Pakistan is caught in the Middle of the conflict between these two countries. Although For Saudi Arabia and Iran, Pakistan holds obvious appeal in different aspects but Pakistan’s domestic social fabric and religious architecture demands to have neutral and balanced relations with both countries. Similarly Pakistan’s geo-political and geo-economic environment also demands to avoid one-sidedness in case of Tehran and Riyadh. On the one hand Pakistan usually asserts in statements that any threat to Saudi Arabia’s territorial integrity particularly to the “two holy cities of Mecca and Medina” would evoke a strong response from Pakistan. On the other hand when Saudi Arabia demanded deployment of Pakistani troops against Iran backed Houthis in Yemen, Pakistan’s Parliament unanimously voted to decline a Saudi request to participate in its coalition fighting in Yemen against the allegedly Iranianbacked Houthi rebels. To justify this stance, Pakistan said that the situation was overstretched at home and that is why government is unwilling to pick sides between a “brotherly” Saudi Arabia and a “neighborly” Iran. Simultaneously Pakistan has been trying to relieve its regional isolation by improving ties with Iran, because Pakistan’s Eastern and Western boarders respectively with India and Afghanistan are already volatile. Iran is also more important to Pakistan’s energy needs than Saudi Arabia because of its neighborhood. Keeping in view conflict between Iran and KSA Pakistan adopted a more conciliatory and appeasing tone particularly during the period of Nawaz Sharif and Imran Khan, suggesting that Islamabad was willing to play the role of mediator between Saudi Arabia and Iran. This study is trying to answer that how can Pakistan establish an unbiased and sensible stance towards Iran and KSA and which are the major challenges impeding Pakistan’s KSA-Iran policy? Walking the tightrope between the Middle East’s two big rivals also demands logical way forward for Pakistan’s foreign policy to confront with concerned challenges.
Iran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Regional Security Complex
Qualitative Corporate Sustainable Development Disclosures (CSDD): A Case of Banking Industry in Pakistan
The study's objectives were to examine the qualitative corporate sustainable development discourses of the banking industry in Pakistan. For this purpose, the data was collected from the annual reports of commercial banks from 2018 to 2020 with the help of qualitative content analysis. The findings revealed that the commercial banks in Pakistan are engaged in reporting the SDGs and providing the details of these disclosures to the broader stakeholders, such as social, economic, environmental and regulatory bodies. The results also shed light further that most of the banks are either involved in reporting regarding environmental and social practices. Moreover, some of them relate SDGs to their banking practices. Based on the findings, it is recommended to require regulatory push to enhance the gamut of the SDGs disclosures further in publicly listed companies, particularly in the banking industry. The study contributes to the theory, practice and policy in several ways. First, the study contributes to the limited literature on SDGs in developing countries like Pakistan. Secondly, the study's findings add value to nascent literature for reporting the SDGs in publicly listed companies and the banking sector.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Sustainability Reports, Disclosures, Banking Industry, Pakistan
Climate Change Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study of Pakistan
Development that satisfies current demands without reducing the ability of future descendants to satisfy their own needs is referred to as sustainable development. Pakistan is among the nation’s most susceptible to climate change. Geographical, societal, and climatic diversity are the fundamental causes of this susceptibility. Developing climate change vulnerability and adaptability has become essential for Pakistan. However, eco-friendly technologies are becoming a top priority in frameworks for creating and implementing sustainable development policies. To connect Pakistan's adaptability requirements and possibilities with the targets and goals of its sustainable development, the crucial first step is to determine and evaluate Pakistan's climate change adaptation issues. The emphasis has been on merging the objectives with the current development model to move it on to a more sustainable road and the total aspects of industrial, societal, and ecological.
Climate Change, Sustainable Development, Geographical Climate Change, Pakistan, Ecological
Pak-China Relation Post-ISAF Forces Withdrawal from the Region: A Review of Relations Post-War
In the center of south-central Asia is the mountainous, multicultural nation. Imperial powers have long coveted Afghanistan due to its location along critical trading paths that link up southern and eastern Asia to Europe and the Middle East. For thousands of years, mighty armies have tried to conquer Afghanistan, deciding to leave behind grand statues that are now in ruins as a reminder of their initiatives. Afghanistan consistently emerges as a subject of disputes over political ideologies and corporate dominance. Similarly, in 2001, ISAF commanded Afghanistan to enhance the capabilities of the Afghan armed forces, notably in the battle against global terrorism, and to establish the framework for the Afghan government to work out its power all across the country. The main focus of this paper is to explore the impacts of ISAF withdrawal on the Pak-China relationship. Firstly, this research will highlight the historical background of ISAF. Then, the study will explore the withdrawal of ISAF from Afghanistan. Lastly, the interlinked between IASF withdrawal and the Pak-China relationship will be mentioned.
Pak-China Relation, South Asia, Imperial Powers, ISAF, Afghan Armed Forces
Kashmir as a Standpoint in Pakistan and India’s Policy to View Regional Security
The Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan, which has not been settled, is one of South Asia's leading sources of unrest and hatred. It has resulted in two significant conflicts and other close calls throughout the centuries. India and Pakistan have been engaged in a "proxy battle" for Kashmir late in1990s. When the proxy war started, diplomatic ties between the two sides were at an all-time low and highly influenced South Asia's overt nuclearization in 1998. It has further damaged chances for regional cooperation and stoked worries about a possible nuclear war between India and Pakistan. Thus, there has never been a greater pressing need for a solution to the Kashmir conflict than there is even now. This article examines Kashmir as a dispute between India and Pakistan. The first section will describe the overview of Kashmir and Pak-India relations. Then, the paper will highlight the theory of security dilemma. After that, the study will analyze the problem of regional security in Kashmir. Furthermore, to resolve the Kashmir dispute, the implementation of an action plan will be recommended.
Impact of Media on State Policy: A Review of Pakistan
Do media outlets have an impact on how policies are made? How much control over this impact do politicians or other organizations have? In effect, the relationship study of media and policy is a complex affair. It also focuses on complicated large-scale issues while also being linked to topics that are affected by a wide range of forces and individuals. It is significant because of how it is connected to politics, technology, and the economy. As different study of ideologies examine different components of the picture in public policy, communication processes, and others like, our grasp of the connection between media and policy making tends to be limited. The main purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of media on state policy. Moreover, it makes an effort to close these gaps, to demonstrate how information from several domains can support one another, and to identify flaws and blind spots.
Media Impact, State Policy, Pakistan, Public Policy, Technology
Cyber Security and Policy Making: An Analysis of Pakistan
The knowledge and technology era is currently in full swing. Political entities are constantly evolving, with advancements ranging from electronic utilities payment processing to modern infrastructure, the use of machine learning, advanced communication systems, and technological combat. Distances have shrunk the advancement of technology, but its use has also given rise to fresh dangers and anxieties. Cybercrimes, including stealing, criminal conspiracy, financial crimes, data breaches, matters of national security acquisition, and even dangers to essential systems, have evolved into modern-day forms of cyber warfare. These risks affect both wealthy and emerging nations, creating a national security problem. Pakistan is a nuclear-capable emerging nation that is particularly exposed to these dangers. It is more difficult for the government and lawmakers to control Pakistan's digital world because of its vast variety of internet users and poorly informed technology literacy. Nowadays, Pakistan has experienced significant cyber-attacks on vital governmental portals, and attackers have effectively breached the cyberspace of crucial infrastructure. Lawmakers in Pakistan have developed legal actions that don't fully and comprehensively address the concerns to keep this from happening. What is the status of Pakistan's policy alternatives to address significant cybersecurity challenges is the real cause of discussion. However, this study concentrates on the approach of cybersecurity framework in Pakistan. This paper highlights both primary and secondary sources as part of their qualitative research approach. Finally, a few suggestions for strengthening the nation's cyber security measures are also made.
Cyber Security, Policy Making, Pakistan, Technology
The Relationship Between Risk Analysis And security studies
There had been little interaction between the risk analysis and security studies academic communities a few decades ago. But now, these two research areas fall under a different school of thought in international relations (IR), including security studies and sociology, economics, and the natural sciences for risk studies. The growing attention paid to major disasters, such as violence, global warming, etc., has provided security studies and risk analysis disciplines with a unifying factual subject and underlined the importance of a shared study objective. This paper's main topic of discussion is to explore how risk analysis is interlinked with security studies. The second part outlines the ideas of risk and what are the practical illustration from different perspectives. The third part demonstrates the historical background of risk in security studies. The paper’s final section addresses the role of risk in security studies and discusses the approaches that make risk a part of security studies.
Risk Analysis, Securities Studies, International Relations
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE ROLE OF SOFT POWER
The concept of power is one of the critical aspects of IR. "Soft Power" has developed as a substitute for comprehending the complicated connection between nations and how nations utilize various non-coercive tactics to convince foreign actors. In contrast, "Hard Power" has long occupied the center of scholarly conversation. Nye suggested the idea to signify the transition from stance to appeal in the middle half of the 20th century. The center of this paper is the role of "Soft Power" in international relations (IR). The research has used various theorist notions to examine how power discussions create intense debates and disputes. Then, we looked at the Nye power framework linked to the altering character of the international order. Furthermore, we will investigate the notion of "Soft Power" sources and their implications for IR.
International Relations, Soft Power, Non-Coercive Tactics, Hard Powers
State-Level Response and Cyber Security: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and India
Pakistan and India's ties have yet to be amicable since their inception. Many long-standing, unsolved disputes, including those over Kashmir, Siachen, the border, Sir Creeks, and many more, are to blame for the harsh bilateral ties. Following Pakistan and India's overt nuclear development, the risk concept has now been complicated to include both lethal and non-lethal threats. A new sort of threat has emerged as a result of increased interconnectivity and urbanization. In addition to more conventional methods, data and the internet are now powerful impact features. Nevertheless, until recently, Pakistan's and India’s national security decision-makers focused on kinetic risks. Still, non-kinetic difficulties are now starting to make an impact that is gradually coming to light. The main focus of this paper is the State-Level Response and Cyber Security by analysis of India and Pakistan. The first section will briefly describe the perspective of cyber security. In the next section, the paper will explore the historical background of cyber security events in India and Pakistan. The third section will highlight the comparative analysis of the cyber security of Pakistan and India. Recommendations will be given at the end of the paper.
How Covid Changes the Relations between Nations: A Study of Pak-China Relations
People have been badly impacted by the epidemic coronavirus disease (COVID-19) all around the world. This pandemic had a significant influence on both individuals and national and international countries. This breakout originated and spread out from China, which may result in losing partners and friends faster. The two nations have sustained one another and moved forward despite recent turbulence and global upheavals, displaying an unbreakable bond. Pakistan has always been a top priority in China's regional affairs, and China regards its relations with Pakistan from a strategic and long-range approach. But at that time, Covid-19 put one of the oldest Pakistan and China friendships to the test. At that critical time, there were ups and downs, but Pakistan and China stood together and tried to support each other. This article is made up of four different sections. The historical background of the Pak-China relationship, elaborated in the first portion, examines relations before and during COVID-19. The second section elaborates on the impact of COVID-19 on the Pak-China relationship. The third segment highlights the Pak-China cooperation during this pandemic period and what makes this relation to be maintained. Finally, we will analyze and evaluate the effects of COVID-19 on the relationship between Pakistan and China.
COVID-19, Pandemic, Global Upheavals, Regional Affairs, Pak-China Relationship
Pakistan and Afghanistan: Regional Structuring and Restructuring
Pakistan and Afghanistan have deep historical roots. They have a 2240 km long frontier, formerly known as the Durand Line, making them direct neighbors. Although Pakistan is geographically, racially, and religiously close to Afghanistan, their relationship always has ups and downs. This research will describe Pakistan and Afghanistan combat the challenging situations in their relationship. The main focus of this study is to explore the Pak-Afghan regional structuring and restructuring throughout their alliance. Moreover, this paper will highlight the events that impacted Pak-Afghan relations and the ways they resolved this issue to establish better links. In the last, a few recommendations will be discussed to improve Pakistan and Afghanistan's relationship in the future.
Pakistan, Afghanistan, Regional Affairs, Historical Roots, Structuring, Restructuring